Racism And Heterosexism Within African American Churches

The struggle that Black churches have on homosexuality has been an ongoing battle. The issue of homophobia and heterosexism within African-American churches is a difficult one. Regardless of the complexity of the matter, it is one that the black community must address. It is, to ensure, time for the black religious leaders to truly live into its justice asserting social, political, historical, and theological beliefs which would lead to eliminating any manifestation of the sin of homophobia from its very mindset. The denouncement of black LGBT individuals presents factors about why 49 percent feel suicidal or have attempted suicide. What some people fail to understand is that there is a certain privilege in being able to wake up every†¦show more content†¦Harris explains that theses exertions became a matter of life and death during the early 1980s when predominately male African-American male congregants, pastors and other church members became sick from an unknown illne ss which later became recognized as the autoimmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has a superfluous effect on the black community. African-Americans accumulate nearly half of most HIV and AIDS diagnoses. The delayed response of black leaders to the epidemic was another factor that incited the highly prevalent rates of HIV and AIDS cases within the African-American community. Along with affected gay men, prostitutes and intravenous drug users became infected as well; Harris further reports that those people were considered â€Å"degenerates† and â€Å"immoral† by black church leaders. Trailing back to the days of slavery, black religious leaders assisted as freedom fighters of social justice for oppressed African-Americans. Those affected with the disease looked to religious leadership for spiritual support and to bring the disease to light. However instead of the desired support, they were faced with disdain and denunc iation at the lifestyle as black leaders believed caused the individuals to be affected with the disease. Furthermore, Harris addresses that many gay men who died from the disease were restricted from being buried beside their home churches. ThisShow MoreRelatedRacism : A Social Construct1593 Words   |  7 Pagesway I am and have been oppressed. Albeit racism has an impact on all of our lives in the US, however; it’s the intersectionality of the other social identity forces that when they are interacting with racism, they manifest many forms of social oppression. My social identity is that of an African-American, married lesbian woman. Racism is a social construct that has serious impact on many people’s lives. Heterosexism, also a social construct and racism contribute to the ever widening inequalityRead MoreEssay on Black Theology1522 Words   |  7 Pagescould no longer be enslaved. So to appease their conscience they would not allow Blacks to take part in theology. Due to these issues Black Theology soon originated within the United States. The origination of Black Theology was only cracked open by the idea of slave theology. The origination of Black Theology first began when churches began to become segregated. Many could not understand how Whites could continue to behave this way in the Lords house. It was soon realized that this was becauseRead MoreEssay on Needs of Diverse Learners Final4267 Words   |  18 Pagesappropriateness of shaking hands, bowing, or kissing people is an example of the cultural manifestation of Nonverbal communication 18. Multicultural education supports and extends all of the following EXCEPT Racism 19. Socially transmitted ways of thinking, believing, feeling, and acting within a group is Culture 20. Assimilation of groups to the point that they share primary relationships, intermarry, and have equality with the dominant group is Structural assimilation Chapter 2

Prostitution Is The Oldest Profession - 922 Words

When looking into Prostitution women are usually thought to be the lowest form a part of the human species, people make assumptions as to why a women would even bother with the idea of subjecting herself to harsh treatment by others, people often correlate the idea of prostitution with human trafficking. That each of these categories are of association, prostitution is â€Å"the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.† While human trafficking is â€Å"the illegal movement of people, typically for the purposes of forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation.† Each of these subjects demonstrates different meanings but express the same sense of ideas, which will be looked into too. Prostitution it is the oldest profession, in fact there is evidence that the exchange of sex for money goes back into our distant past. In a recent study chimpanzees were taught to use a rudimentary form of money. (Puiu, 2011) They were given puzzles to solve and then received colored discs and then they directed that in order to obtain treats they would need to exchange their colored discs. Soon later on in the experiment the mammals exhibited more advance behaviors and began buying and selling or trading sexual favors; it just seemed instinctive. Human females unlike most of our close animal relatives do not go into estrus but stay sexually receptive all the time. One reason for this is that human children require care for a long time. So, a female with child mustShow MoreRelatedProstitution : The Oldest Profession1754 Words   |  8 PagesIt has been said that prostitution is the oldest profession in the world. Where there is money there will be sex and where there is sex there w ill be prostitution. From Ancient Greece to the streets of North America, prostitution is woven into the fabric of most societies, past and present. Although controversial, prostitution and the laws that govern this line of work in Canada have recently made headlines across the country. Canada (Attorney General) v Bedford, 2013 SCC72, [2013] 3 S.C.R 1101 hasRead MoreProstitution : The Oldest Profession On Earth1107 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution Prostitution is considered as the oldest profession on Earth. Sexual service in return for payment is called the prostitution. Prostitution is a big issue effecting women, men, and children all over the world. This is a world-wide controversy and it is something that people are not comfortable talking about. The question is whether people who are involved in the sex industry are willingly or are forced to do it. Our society has different points of view on this issue. Some people agreeRead MoreProstitution Is The World Oldest Profession1657 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution is â€Å"the exchange of sexual acts for money, food, rent, drugs, or other material goods.† (WomensLaw). One who works in this field is then to be labeled a prostitute. Although the field of prostitution is the world’s oldest profession, it is a topic that is typically hushed down and not often studied. It is a part of our society and must be discussed for a better understanding. Going on to say, t he physical and psychological behavior that is associated within prostitution is derived fromRead MoreProstitution Is The World Oldest Profession1577 Words   |  7 Pages Prostitution is the world’s oldest profession, and a major motive for becoming a prostitute tends to be economic. (Rathus, Nevid, Fichner-Rathus, Herold Mckay, 2013) The sex industry tends to divide feminists and society, on whether prostitution is an coercion and commodification of women, or a women’s right and choice to sell her body. (Shannon, 2010) Prostitution, which is consensual sex between two adults for money or goods of value is legal in Canada although, most of the activities thatRead MoreProstitution Is The Worlds Oldest Profession1365 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is known as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession.† It has been in practice since the beginning of time; whether it be legally or illegally. Prostitutes-typically women- are either accepted or shunned depen ding on the society they live in (Jenkins). At a point in time in Southern India, the Devadasi culture required girls to become prostitutes when they reached their puberty years in order to gather dowry money until it was outlawed in 1988 (Kelly). Despite the potential risks that prostitutionRead MoreProstitution : The Worlds Oldest Profession1906 Words   |  8 PagesProstitution is often regarded as the world’s oldest profession. As immoral and illegal as it may be regarded, it is still a profession that is utilized by people today. Commercial Sex, as it is sometimes called, is the business or practice of engaging in sexual relations in exchange for payment or some other benefit. Prostitution is just one of the many branches of the sex industry and is possibly the largest. Prostitution is primarily targeted towards male clientele but the profession ranges fromRead MoreProstitution : One Of The Oldest Professions2249 Words   |  9 Pages Prostitution: one of the oldest pr ofessions in the history of time. Prostitution developed as society developed; it grew with the increase in social structure, government and religion. Throughout many historic eras and civilizations, prostitution as an institution diversified and grew to become more complex. It took on different roles in the various sectors of society. Prostitution could be seen as having different roles in religious, government, and community sectors. These different roles in societyRead MoreProstitution And The Worlds Oldest Profession2225 Words   |  9 PagesWhen looking into Prostitution women are usually thought to be the lowest form a part of the human species, people make assumptions as to why a women would even bother with the idea of subjecting herself to harsh treatment by others, people often correlate the idea of prostitution with human trafficking. That each of these categories are of association, prostitution is â€Å"the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with so meone for payment.† While human trafficking is â€Å"the illegal movementRead MoreProstitution : The Oldest Profession On Earth1352 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is considered as the oldest profession on Earth. Sexual service in return for payment is called prostitution. Prostitution is a big issue effecting women, men, and children all over the world. This is a world-wide controversy and it is something that people are not comfortable talking about. The question is whether people who are involved in the sex industry are willing or are forced to do it. Our society has different points of view on this issue. Some people agree and want to legalizeRead MoreProstitution Is The World Oldest Profession1947 Words   |  8 Pages â€Å"Prostitution is the world’s oldest profession† is one of the most commonly used quotes when debating whether or not prostitution should be legal. Prostitution is not the oldest profession, but one of the oldest forms of violence towards women. It seems old because of its history which includes the sexual exploitation of women and children and the projected idea that men need sex whether by force or purchase. Prostitution isn’t natural or inescapable, but it is abuse and a form of exploitation

The Hero And The Crown Part Two Chapter 13 Free Essays

WHEN SHE CAME to herself she was screaming, or she would have been screaming had her ravaged throat been capable of it. It hurt to breathe. She lay on the ground, a little distance from where the dragon lay crumpled up against the mountainside, its head and tail outflung and motionless. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hero And The Crown Part Two Chapter 13 or any similar topic only for you Order Now She thought, I must have killed it after all; but the thought did not please her particularly. She hurt too much. Water was her next thought. There was a stream †¦ . The thought of water made her wounds burn the more fiercely, and she fainted again. Somehow during that long afternoon she crawled to the stream; it was not until twilight that she finally put out her hand – her right hand, caked with dragon gore – and felt water running over it. She had been afraid that she had, in her desperate need, imagined the sound and smell of running water, and her periods of unconsciousness were full of dreams that told her she was crawling in the wrong direction. Two or three tears crept down her blackened face, and she pulled herself up on her right elbow again, and dragged herself forward, and fell full length into the water. It was shallow where she lay, and she feebly propped herself against a moderate-sized boulder where the water could run freely over her left arm and the left side of her face and yet let her breathe. She spent at least that night in the cool stream, moving only to drink, and then turning her face up again against the rock in that she might go on breathing; although she wondered, occasionally, as she wandered in and out of consciousness, why she cared. Dawn came; or perhaps it was the second dawn since she had pulled herself into the water; or the twelfth. She watched the sun rise and it occurred to her that she seemed to be spending more time conscious, and she was sorry for this. It would have been simpler if sometime during the night when she had wandered off, leaving her crippled body in the cold running water, she had not returned. But instead she found herself blinking at the light of morning, and then staring at a vaguely familiar pale hulk at the shore of the stream. Talat. â€Å"Talat,† she croaked, and discovered that her voice was not entirely gone after all. Talat raised his drooping head and looked at her; he had not recognized the thing in the stream as his beloved Aerin, and he whinnied eagerly but uncertainly. â€Å"If you’re still around,† Aerin whispered, â€Å"then perhaps I’d better stay too,† and she hunched herself painfully into a sitting position. Talat backed a step or two away from the thing in the stream as it rose up at him, but it croaked â€Å"Talat† at him again and he paused. The voice did not sound the way Aerin’s voice should sound, but he was quite sure it had something to do with his Aerin, and so he waited. Aerin found out that sitting up was as far as she could go in that direction, so she lay down again, rolled over on her belly, and hitched her way slowly up onto the shore of the stream, Talat lowered his head anxiously and blew, and the touch of his breath on her face made her grunt with pain. She worked her right hand out of its sodden gauntlet, and raised her good hand to her horse, and he lipped her fingers and then gave a great sigh – of relief, she thought; but she turned her face away from his warm breath, â€Å"A lot you know,† she whispered, but for the first time since they had fallen together before the dragon it occurred to her that she might not die. Her burns and her broken ankle throbbed more harshly once she was out of the water, and she thought, I could spend the rest of my life lying in streams. A very small thought added, That may be no very long time anyway. Then she thought: I have to find a way at least to stand up and get Talat’s saddle off before it galls him. Well, I still have one arm and one leg. It was very awkward, and Talat was unhappy at the way she pulled herself up his left foreleg till she could grab the girth and pitch her shoulders across the saddle and prop herself up that way; but he stood as still as the dead dragon, and only the stiffness of his neck and back told her he was worried. â€Å"I’m worried too, my friend,† she murmured. She managed to unbuckle the girth and let the saddle slide to the ground; there was a pink, almost raw spot behind his elbow where the sweaty girth had rubbed him for too long. There were also two long angry red weals, one across his croup and one other down his flank. Dragonfire. She slithered back to the ground again, landing on the saddle. She found herself staring at the buckles that had held the saddlebags. Food. Where did I leave my gear? It was near the stream here somewhere. Behind a rock. She looked around, but her sight was blurry, and she could not tell which smaller humps were rocks and which might be saddlebags. Her mouth and throat throbbed. I probably can’t eat anything but mush, she thought, and grimaced, but wrinkling her face for the grimace was so painful that she could think of nothing for a few minutes. It was Talat who found her saddlebags. He ambled away from her, snuffling along the ground by the edge of the stream; and he paused by one particular group of small dim hummocks and bumped them with his nose; and Aerin knew by the noise that they were not rocks. He moved away from them again, and one hoof in passing glanced off them, and again the noise was a faint rustle instead of the tunk of hoof against stone. It was another long afternoon before she dragged herself within reach of her saddlebags, for she had often to climb back into the water and soothe her burns and her throbbing ankle. She lay with one hand on their smooth leather, and then thought: A fire. If I could boil something to a pulp till I could swallow it †¦. She fumbled one of the flaps open; there was still bread, and she put it in her hand and held her hand in the water till she felt it begin to disintegrate, and then lapped it up slowly. She did build a fire; she found a way to wedge her tinder between stones so that she could strike it with her good hand; and fortunately there was plenty of fuel by the shores of the stream. Trees still grew here, for they were a little protected from the dragon’s valley by the long stone shoulder that had hidden Maur from Aerin’s campsite. She found the remains of her campfire, and it looked old and weathered; and she thought to notice that the stream was running clear again, and she wondered again how long she had lain in the stream. She found a flat rock for a lid, and began the long process of boiling dried meat in her tin till it was soft enough for her to eat. She didn’t dare make the fire very large, for she could not go far to fetch wood for it; nor could she bear the heat of it. She slept, or fainted again, often, drifting back and forth across the boundary of selfhood; it was no longer only oblivion that those periods of blank ness brought her, but the beginning of healing. She pried the boot off her right foot, gingerly felt the ankle, wrapped it in strips made from spare clothing, tying knots with one hand and her teeth; and hoped she was doing something useful. The wrappings reminded her, if they did no other good, to keep the foot quiet, and the ache of it ebbed away to a dull mutter. She had looked only once at her left arm, and had felt so sick at the sight that she did not look again. But not looking reminded her the same way as bandaging her foot reminded her; and the pain of the burns had subsided but little, and she had often to crawl back to the stream and soak herself in it. And how long before I get sick from the cold? she thought, shivering; for now that her body was trying to fight back it recognized that lying in cold water for long periods of time is not generally a good thing to do, and the unhurt bits of it shivered. She sneezed, and sneezed again. Great, she thought dully, and her eyes fell again on the saddlebags. It was hard to think because of the pain. Kenet, she thought. Kenet. It can’t hurt to try. Hope rose up and blocked her aching throat. She crept to the saddlebags and unrolled the long wallet that held the kenet; and twitched her left arm forward and let it lie in the thick yellow ointment. She closed her eyes, trying not to hope so desperately; she feared the pain might drive her mad soon, and she could not spare the strength to withstand too great a disappointment. But as she grappled with herself the pain in her arm dwindled and ebbed and finally died away to a vague queasy discomfort. I’m imagining this, she thought, holding perfectly still so as not to disrupt the beautiful unexpected dream of peace. She opened her eyes. Her arm was still black and horrible-looking. She lay down, very, very slowly, til her left cheek was cradled as well in the dragonfire ointment; and slowly her face, too, hurt less and less till it did not hurt at all. She fell into sleep, real sleep, the first real sleep she had had since the evening she had read Tor’s note. She dreamed that she woke up, lying with her left arm curled around her head, and her left cheek pressed to the ground. She rose up on both elbows and noticed without finding it remarkable that both arms were whole and strong. She sat up, hands falling easily and languorously into her lap. She rubbed her palms together and thought uncomfortably that she had had a most unpleasant dream about a very large dragon †¦. As she bent her head forward her hair fell forward too, and she noticed two things: first, that her hair was short, barely chin length. This disturbed her, for she knew that she would never cut her hair; Teka was adamant about this, and Aerin was secretly a little proud of the fact that her hair was even longer than Galanna’s, falling unbound almost to her ankles, the weight of it stretching the curls into long ripples. It was also nearly straight now; and when she was younger and her hair shorter, it had been mercilessly curly. But, worst of all, it was the wr ong color. It was still red, but it was the darker color of flaring embers, not the paler shade of the leaping flames. Panic seized her; she was not herself; she had died; or, worse, she, Aerin still existed, but the dream of the dragon had not been a dream at all, but real, and the real Aerin still lay somewhere with a burned face and a blackened arm and a broken ankle, and this healthy painless body she presently inhabited belonged to someone else; she would not be permitted to stay. â€Å"I will help you if I can,† said a voice; but she was dreaming, and could not be sure if the words were spoken aloud. She looked up from where she sat huddled on the ground; a tall blond man stood near her. He knelt beside her; his eyes were blue, and kind, and anxious. â€Å"Aerin-sol,† he said. â€Å"Remember me; you have need of me, and I will help you if I can.† A flicker came and went in the blue eyes. â€Å"And you shall again aid Damar, for I will tell you how.† â€Å"No,† she said, for she remembered Maur, and knew Maur was real, whether or not she was dreaming now; â€Å"no, I cannot. I cannot. Let me stay here,† she begged. â€Å"Don’t send me back.† A line formed between the blue eyes; he reached one hand toward her, but hesitated and did not touch her. â€Å"I cannot help it. I can barely keep you here for the space of a dream; you are being pulled back even now.† It was true. The smell of kenet was in her nostrils again, and the sound of running water in her ears. â€Å"But how will I find you?† she asked desperately; and then she was awake. Slowly she opened her eyes; but she lay where she was for a long time. Eventually she began walking again, leaning heavily on a thick branch she had found and laboriously trimmed to the proper length. She had to walk very slowly, not only for the sake of her ankle, but that her left arm not be shaken too gravely; and she still had trouble breathing. Even when she breathed in tiny shallow gasps it hurt, and when she forgot and sucked in too much air she coughed; and when she coughed, she coughed blood. But her face and arm were healing. She had also discovered that the hair on the left side of her head was gone, burnt by the same blast of dragonfire that had scarred her cheek. So she took her hunting knife, the same ill-used blade that had been forced to chop her a cane, and sawed off the rest of her hair till none of it was longer than hand’s width. Her neck felt rubbery with the sudden weightlessness, and the wind seemed to whistle in her ears and down her collar more than it used to. She might have wept a little for her hair, but she felt too old and grim and worn. She avoided wondering what her face looked like under her chopped-off hair. She thought fixedly of other things when she rubbed kenet into her cheek, and when she dressed and rebound her arm. She did not think at all about being willing to face other people again, except to cringe mentally away from the idea. She was not vain as Galanna was vain, but she who had always disliked being noticed was automatically conspicuous as the only pale-skinned redhead in a country of cinnamon-skinned brunettes; she could not bear that her wounds now should make her grotesque as well. It took strength to deal with people, strength to acknowledge herself as first sol, strength to be the public figure she could not help being; and she had no strength to spare. She tried to tell herself that her hurts were honorably won; even that she should be proud of them, that she had successfully done something heroic; but it did no good. Her instinct was to hide. She had briefly thought with terror that the villagers had sent the messenger to the king that morning so long ago might send another messenger to find out what had become of either sol or dragon; but then she realized that they would do no such thing. If the sol had killed the dragon (unlikely), she would doubtless come and tell them about it. If she didn’t, the dragon could be presumed to have killed her, and they would stay as far away as possible. At last she grew restless. â€Å"Perhaps we should go home,† she said to Talat. She wondered how it had gone with Arlbeth and Tor and the army; it could all be over now, or Damar could be at war, or – almost anything. She didn’t know how long she’d been in the dragon’s valley, and she began to want urgently to know what was happening outside. But she did not yet have the courage to venture out of Maur’s black grave-out where she would have to face people again. Meanwhile she walked a little farther and a little farther each day: and one day she finally left the steam bank, and hobbled around the high rock that separated the stream from the black valley where Maur lay. As the sound of the stream receded she kept her eyes on her feet; one booted and one wrapped in heavy tattered and grimy rags; and one of them stepping farther than the other. She watched their uneven progress till she passed the rock wall by, and a little gust of burnt-smelling breeze pressed her cheek, and the sound of her footsteps became the slide-crunch, slide-crunch of walking on ash and cinders. She looked up. Carrion beasts had not gotten far with the dead dragon. Its eyes were gone, but the heavy hide of the creature was too much for ordinary teeth and claws. Maur looked smaller to her, though; withered and shrunken, the thick skin more crumpled. Slowly she limped nearer, and the small breeze whipped around and stroked her other cheek. There was no smell of rotting flesh in the small valley, although the sun beat down overhead and made her cheek, despite the kenet on it, throb with the heat. The valley reeked, but of smoke and ash; small black flakes still hung in the air, and when the breeze struck her full in the face the cinders caught in her throat and she coughed. She coughed, and bent over her walking stick, and gasped, and coughed again; and then Talat, who had not wanted to follow her into the dragon’s valley but didn’t want to let her out of his sight either, blew down the back of her bare neck and touched his nose to her shoulder. She turned toward him and threw h er right arm over his withers and pressed the side of her face into his neck, breathing through the fine hairs of his mane till the coughing eased and she could stand by herself again. The dragon’s snaky neck lay stretched out along the ground, the long black snout looking like a ridge of black rock. Ash lay more heavily around the dragon than in the rest of the small valley, in spite of the breeze; but around the dragon the breeze lifted a cloud that eddied and lifted and swelled and diminished so that it was hard to tell – as it had been when she and Talat had first ridden to confront the monster – where Maur ended and the earth began. As she watched, another small brisk vagrant breeze swept down the body of the dragon, scouring its length from shoulder hump to the heavy tail; a great black wave of ash reared up in the breeze’s wake and crested, and misted out to drift over the rest of the valley. Aerin hid her face in Talat’s mane again. When she looked up she stared at Maur, waiting to think something, feel something at the sight of the thing that she had killed, that had so nearly killed her; but her mind was blank, and she had no hatred or bitterness nor any sense of victory left in her heart; it had all been burned away by the pain. Maur was only a great ugly black lump. As she stared, another small breeze kicked up a windspout, a small ashy cyclone, just beyond the end of the dragon’s nose. Something glittered there on the ground. Something red. She blinked. The wind-spout died away, and the ash fell into new ribs and whorls; but Aerin thought she could still see a small hummock in the ash, a small hummock that dimly gleamed red. She limped toward it, and Talat, his ears half back to show his disapproval, followed. She stood on one foot and dug with her stick; and she struck the small red thing, which with the impulsion of the blow sprang free of the black cinders, made a small fiery arc through the air, and fell to the earth again, and the ash spun upward in the air draught it made and fell in ripples around it, like a stone thrown into a pond. Aerin had some trouble kneeling down, but Talat, who had adjusted to his lady’s new slow ways, came and stood beside her and let her clutch her way one-handed down a foreleg. She picked the red thing up; it was hard and glittering and a deep translucent red, like a jewel. â€Å"Well,† she whispered. I can’t take the head away as a trophy this time; so I will take this. Whatever it is.† She tucked it into the front of her tunic, where her bound arm made a cradle for it, and pulled herself back up Talat’s foreleg again. He had gotten so good at being an invalid’s assistant that she could lean her stick against him and he would not move till she took it back in her hand, that she need not have to pick it up from the ground. A few days after she found the red dragon stone she looked around for something high enough to let her climb up onto Talat’s back, and low enough that she could climb up onto it in the first place. This took some doing. She finally persuaded him – he was willing to be persuaded once he could figure out what strange thing she next wanted of him – to stand in the stream while she edged out, balanced precariously on her buttocks and one hand, down a long heavy overhanging branch from a tree growing near the shallow bank; and lowered herself as slowly as possible onto his bare back. He gave a little whicker of pleasure to have her there again, and took steps as smooth as silk when he carried her; and she sat up a little straighter than she could stand on her own feet, and felt a tiny bit more like a king’s daughter than she had for a long time. She rode him up and down the bank of the stream that day, just for the pleasure of a motion that didn’t hurt h er right ankle; and the next day she saddled him and tried it again, and the day after that she saddled him and tied the remains of her belongings clumsily behind the saddle, and they left the stream and Maur’s valley forever. The red stone knocked gently against her ribs as her body swung back and forth in rhythm to Talat’s long gentle stride. How to cite The Hero And The Crown Part Two Chapter 13, Essay examples

Motivation Of Employees Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Motivation Of Employees. Answer: Introduction: Motivational theories Employees forever need motivation. Whether it is initially or at later stage motivation always helps the firm to retain staffs for longer time. Staffs require motivation when it is about working for any firm. Behavior practitioners generally use motivational theories for benefiting the staffs of any organization (Bentley, 2013). Employees who are unsatisfied tend to carry lower level of job satisfaction. Few common motivators that are utilized to affect the job satisfaction within a very positive manner in reality are achievement and recognition, responsibility, advancement and work itself as well as growth. The theories for motivation are Maslows need hierarchy, Alderfers ERG theory and McClellands acquired needs theory and also Herzbergs two-factor theory. Maslows need hierarchy ranges the needs of staffs from highest till the lowest. The theory properly focuses on convinced needs first as well as then focuses on some other needs like safety and security but in some particular orde r. ERG theory by Alderfers uses Maslows five needs that are namely physiological, safety, esteem, self-actualization as well as social and also puts them in three needs which can comprise of more than single need into sole category (Carter, 1979). ERG needs actually are existence, growth and lastly is the relatedness. McClellands theory focuses upon needs of staffs for achievement, power and also affiliation that could be acquired via experience as well as training. Herzbergs dual factor theory also is last theory that actually links the job satisfaction with the motivating factors. Needs theories even are beneficial to needs of staffs (DiPlacido, 1976). A psychological behavioral process which motivates any individual to react in a specific way is actually referred as the process theories for motivation. In core, these theories also examine the way in which an entitys needs would affect his actual behavior for achievement of a goal regarding those needs. Such theories are generally used in any workplace context as well as there are many other theories that also examine the way in which staffs within any firm can get motivated (Fargus, 2000). The behavioral loom to place of work motivation is also known as the organizational behavioral modification. Such loom applies tenets of the behaviorism developed by scholar B.F. Skinner to properly promote staff behaviors which an employer thinks beneficial as well as discourage those which are not. Any stimulus which increases likelihood of the behavior is a reinforcing element. An effective use of the positive reinforcement will also be recurrent praise while some employee is actually learning a novel task (Gawel, 1997). Any staffs behavior could also be shaped at the time of learning process only if approximations of ideal behavior get praised otherwise rewarded. Frequency of the reinforcement is also a vital consideration. While common praise during learning procedure can be also beneficial, it could be difficult to sustain indefinitely. There Are Some Basic Characteristics And Features Of A Positive Workplace And Some Of Them Are Mentioned Below: Transparent as well as open communication In reality, a transparent as well as open type of communication actually addresses the staffs need to sense that the firm values their ideas and thinking. It is also what makes staffs sense that they actually belong to the firm and are a part and parcel of the organization. Work of these staffs then becomes very meaningful as the staffs know that their performance will be valued and also praised (Gruneberg, 1979). Work-Life Balance A positive workplace always has a good balance between work life and personal life of staffs. There exists some type of balance amid the work and the personal life of the employees. In common, having this sense of the balance improves the job satisfaction amongst the employees because then staffs start feeling that theyre actually not overlooking any other area of lives like family, and enjoyment and relaxation etc (Hackman, Oldham, Janson Purdy, 1975). Training plus development-focused Good work ecology also emphasizes on training as well as development of staffs and focuses as well as cares about the employees growth and development. This makes staffs feel belongingness towards the firm. Also good appraisal and timely evaluations are done and staffs are trained on routine basis. Recognition for the hard work Proper workplace recognizes the hard work and good results given by its staffs and even timely rewards them for their performances as well. Such facts encourage behaviors in the people working in the firm. This is even known as the positive reinforcement beneath operant conditioning in area of psychology. A mere reward here does not is monetary in the nature; at times even a very simple and verbal recognition by supervisor is one necessary to spur staffs motivation. Strong and tough team Spirit Being a social animal, people naturally seek proper support from their peers as well as seek to properly belong to any group. Good workplace having all positive ecology all around carries good teams and effective and tough team spirit in its ecology so that people feel totally supportive and dependent on each other while working in a team. In tough times, teams in such workplaces come together and deal with things and problems that arrive (Harris, Hackman Oldham, 1981). Positive Values Positive ecology in workplace also comprises of a positive values and good ethics as well as morale in the staff members. A supportive and ethical culture in the firm supports such ecology to be maintained. Such firms mission statement also reveals its basic philosophy toward the employees as well as shareholders. Employment website of such companies also advises that the mission statement could define behaviors which a firm finds exemplary at each level of themanagement plus staff. How Hr Designs Jobs To Motivate Employees An employer might incorrectly suppose that money only is the motivator for its staffs. For several people, the job design actually is equally important and plays the same role what fair remuneration plays in their motivation and tends to make them more effective and efficient (Kapoor, 2005). Job design actually has a vast influence upon staff motivation, job satisfaction as well as commitment towards their firm, and all of these have a very significant impact upon efficiency of the business. Jobs also are generally designed in that way which encourages the specialization. Work is even divided into some specific tasks, along with employee allotted to every task becoming extra skilled, accurate as well as efficient at carrying out and performing it. Moreover, a generally overlooked issue with work specialization is that it normally has negative effect on staff motivation. A staff might also become extra efficient as well as skilled at concluding a repetitive work. They sense that as lo ng as they finish their job adequately, there is actually no need for them to be worried with some other facet of business. A probable solution to such issue involves providing staffs with extra variety within the work. One method and technique to perform such plan is introducing the task of job rotation, where staffs move amid different jobs occasionally. Not merely this reduces repetitiveness of their task, but it even helps to develop a good team with very wider variety of skills (Korzynski, 2013). Another method to enhance employee motivation also is via job enlargement. Through this staffs are gradually provided more challenging and risky works and ones with greater responsibility and danger. Whilst one might think this could have opposite effect, several staffs enjoy learning and doing new things with each passing day as this helps them learn novel things and attain good and new knowledge every time. Job enrichment could be another tool and technique for motivation of staffs by the HR while designing jobs. It also involves providing staffs with extra control over work that they do. This develops a feeling of responsibility in them. By providing the staffs with extra authority as well as responsibility, an HR might encourage them for seeking out better as well as extra efficient ways for accomplishment of their task, which would also lead to very potential increase within productivity. Job enrichment enhances the capability of staffs and makes them extra effective and efficient in their tasks (Mok Yeung, 2005). Synthesis Of Hackman And Oldhams The idea and concept of the job characteristics replica focuses upon designing any job in a way that it properly motivates any person. Based upon job diagnostic and survey, Hackman Oldham developed such loom. Job characteristics also are objective and aim characteristics of the jobs, particularly extent to which jobs get designed in order to enhance internal motivation of work and job satisfaction of the job incumbents. Five core and basic job features, that are the task significance, autonomy, task variety and task identity as well as feedback, thought to be positively correlated with the job satisfaction as well as performance (Hackman Oldham, 1976). Skill variety is also ostensible variety as well as intricacy of the skills plus talents needed by any job to get performed. There are many facts that are related with this theory and some of them are as follows: Work Outcomes- a good mix of basic characteristics with all the psychological states actually influences the work outcomes like Job satisfaction and absenteeism as well as work motivation. This theory influences work outcomes as it deals with enhancement of skill sets of staffs, emphasizes on their growth plus development and also puts light on training of the staffs and their career development as well. Intrinsic work motivation- Job characteristic replica expects that if afore said job elements are present within a job, job incumbent would be extra likely to carry high interior work motivation, and high quality as well as performance, great satisfaction along with work as well as low absenteeism plus less turnover (Oldham Hackman, 1981). High quality performance of work is possible with this theory as the theory deals with elements that result in undertakings like encouragement without offering any monetary otherwise tangible incentive can also be done via this theory as it deals with many intangible elements of motivation like growth and development, career enhancement etc. Relation Amid Maslows Components Plus Job Characteristics Maslows hierarchy of need actually is a very sequential pact of needs, while, Hackman Oldhams theory does not carry any hierarchical arrangement. But both are literally interrelated. Maslows theory that talks about the needs and wants of staffs that if fulfilled can actually motivate them, are practically fulfilled and all the sets of tasks that can be done to motivate them and fulfill their needs in Maslows hierarchy are underlined in the Hackman Oldham theory. Maslow thought that any type of unsatisfied need, irrespective of the level of the hierarchy, could be a possible motivation. And same was the concept of job characteristic theory as well. Richard Hackman Greg Oldham in the year 1975 built and developed the Job Characteristic replica on basis of Herzbergs dual-Factor Theory, demonstrating how any proper job design could lead towards internal motivation of staffs and contribute towards better and extraordinary job performance. This theory also postulates that the five job characteristics actually lead towards three forms of psychological states that affect motivation as well as satisfaction of staffs (Thomas, 2009). Skill diversity is extent otherwise range of all the skills, abilities as well as talents of staffs. The extra they are capable to utilize these skills in job, the extra is their level towards job satisfaction. Thus, jobs always must be designed in proper way that would ensure utilization of very wide variety of the skills of people. An optimistic significance of any job gives the psychological satisfaction and happiness to. Autonomy is extent of the freedom supplied for any job. The extent of autonomy also depends on extent of the independence supplied to the staffs in taking decisions about the job scheduling, formulating of the procedures, and making of decision without any interference from others (Walsh, 1968). Skill variety and task identity as well as task significance also provide experienced and proper meaningfulness. Autonomy supplies experienced responsibility, while; feedback actually ensures the experienced knowledge of the results. In a nutshell, it is, it was and will forever remain a fact that motivation is a vital and foremost part of strategic human resource management. It is thus vital to identify organizational practices which can be actually used to promote cognitive, emotional as well as behavioral qualities which would positively affect employees as well as enhance their level of motivation (Whiteley, 2002). References Bentley, P. (2013). Job satisfaction around the academic world. 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